Key Insights
The North American Emission Monitoring Systems (EMS) market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach an estimated \$1.45 billion by 2025. This growth is fueled by a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.04%, indicating a dynamic and rapidly evolving industry. Stringent environmental regulations, particularly concerning air quality and industrial emissions, are the primary drivers. Industries such as Oil and Gas, Power Generation, and Chemicals are leading the adoption of EMS due to increasing pressure to comply with evolving standards and improve operational efficiency. The growing awareness of climate change and its impacts further amplifies the demand for advanced monitoring solutions that can accurately track and report greenhouse gas emissions. Technological advancements, including the integration of IoT, AI, and cloud-based analytics, are enhancing the capabilities of EMS, offering real-time data, predictive maintenance, and improved accuracy. These innovations are crucial for industries striving to minimize their environmental footprint and achieve sustainability goals.
The market is segmented across key components, with Hardware forming a substantial part of the initial investment, followed by Software for data analysis and management, and Services for installation, maintenance, and calibration. Beyond the major industries, segments like Pharmaceutical, Metals and Mining, Pulp & Paper, and Cement also contribute to market growth as they increasingly invest in compliance and sustainability initiatives. While the market presents significant opportunities, it also faces restraints such as the high initial cost of sophisticated EMS and the need for skilled personnel to operate and maintain them. However, the long-term benefits of improved environmental performance, reduced operational risks, and enhanced brand reputation are expected to outweigh these challenges. Leading players like ABB Ltd, Emerson Electric Co, GE Vernova, Siemens AG, and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. are actively involved in innovation and strategic partnerships, shaping the competitive landscape and driving market advancements across North America.

North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market: Comprehensive Analysis and Future Outlook (2019-2033)
Gain unparalleled insights into the dynamic North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market. This in-depth report analyzes crucial market dynamics, industry trends, leading segments, product developments, and strategic outlooks, empowering stakeholders with actionable intelligence for informed decision-making. The study covers the historical period from 2019 to 2024, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period extending to 2033.
North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Dynamics & Concentration
The North America Emission Monitoring Systems (EMS) market is characterized by a moderate to high concentration, driven by a few key players with significant technological advancements and established market presence. Innovation is a primary driver, with companies continuously investing in R&D for more accurate, efficient, and integrated EMS solutions. Regulatory frameworks, such as those from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US and Environment and Climate Change Canada, play a pivotal role, mandating stricter emission limits and driving demand for compliant monitoring technologies. Product substitutes, while present in simpler or localized monitoring methods, generally lack the comprehensive data and regulatory acceptance of advanced EMS. End-user trends are shifting towards real-time data, digitization, and predictive maintenance, pushing vendors to offer smart, connected solutions. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are an active part of market dynamics, with strategic acquisitions aiming to consolidate market share and expand product portfolios. For instance, the August 2024 acquisition by ABB of Fodisch Group highlights this trend, strengthening ABB's CEMS offerings. The number of significant M&A deals has been approximately 5-7 annually over the past three years, impacting market share distribution among the top 5 players who collectively hold over 60% of the market.
North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Industry Trends & Analysis
The North America Emission Monitoring Systems market is poised for robust growth, with an estimated Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.5% over the forecast period (2025-2033). This expansion is fueled by a confluence of factors, including increasingly stringent environmental regulations across the United States and Canada, necessitating accurate and continuous emission tracking. The growing awareness of air quality issues and their impact on public health further propels the demand for reliable monitoring solutions. Technological disruptions are a key theme, with advancements in sensor technology, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) enabling more sophisticated and real-time emission monitoring. The integration of AI and machine learning is leading to predictive capabilities, allowing industries to anticipate potential compliance issues and optimize operational efficiency.
Consumer preferences are evolving towards integrated solutions that offer not only data collection but also analysis, reporting, and remote management capabilities. This shift is driving the adoption of software and services alongside hardware components. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established players and emerging innovators vying for market share. Key players are focusing on developing solutions that cater to specific industry needs and regulatory requirements. For example, the July 2024 initiative by SICK AG, DIVMALDA, demonstrates a focus on digitizing and verifying marine live emission data, showcasing a commitment to innovation in specialized sectors. Market penetration of advanced EMS is increasing across various end-user industries, particularly in sectors with high emission outputs like power generation and oil & gas. The overall market size is projected to reach approximately $3.2 Billion by 2033, a significant increase from its estimated value of $1.8 Billion in 2025.

Leading Markets & Segments in North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market
The North America Emission Monitoring Systems market demonstrates significant dominance in the United States, driven by its stringent environmental regulations and a large industrial base. Within the US, states with heavy industrial activity, such as Texas, California, and Pennsylvania, represent the leading sub-markets.
Component Segmentation Dominance:
- Hardware: This segment holds the largest market share, estimated at 65% of the total market in 2025.
- Key Drivers: The increasing need for accurate and reliable sensors, analyzers, and data acquisition systems to meet evolving compliance standards.
- Dominance Analysis: The demand for advanced Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and Predictive Emission Monitoring Systems (PEMS) directly fuels hardware sales. Government mandates for specific measurement parameters (e.g., SOx, NOx, PM) further solidify hardware's leading position.
- Software: This segment is experiencing the fastest growth, with an estimated 20% market share in 2025.
- Key Drivers: The growing adoption of data analytics, cloud-based platforms, and integrated reporting solutions for efficient emission data management and compliance.
- Dominance Analysis: Software plays a crucial role in interpreting raw data from hardware, enabling compliance reporting, and providing actionable insights for process optimization.
- Services: This segment accounts for approximately 15% of the market share in 2025.
- Key Drivers: Increasing demand for installation, calibration, maintenance, and consulting services to ensure optimal performance and regulatory adherence of EMS.
- Dominance Analysis: As EMS technologies become more complex, the need for specialized expertise for installation, ongoing support, and compliance assurance drives the growth of the services segment.
End-user Industry Segmentation Dominance:
- Power Generation: This sector is the largest consumer of EMS, holding an estimated 35% market share in 2025.
- Key Drivers: Strict regulations on emissions from fossil fuel power plants, including coal and natural gas, to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Dominance Analysis: Power plants are major emitters, and continuous monitoring is mandated for a wide range of pollutants, making EMS a critical component of their operations.
- Oil and Gas: This sector represents a significant market, with an estimated 25% market share in 2025.
- Key Drivers: Regulations on emissions from refineries, upstream exploration, and midstream transportation, including VOCs and greenhouse gases.
- Dominance Analysis: The inherent nature of the oil and gas industry involves processes that generate significant emissions, necessitating robust monitoring systems throughout the value chain.
- Chemicals: This sector accounts for approximately 15% of the market share in 2025.
- Key Drivers: Emission controls for various chemical manufacturing processes, including the release of hazardous air pollutants.
- Dominance Analysis: Chemical plants often have complex emission profiles requiring specialized monitoring equipment and protocols.
North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Product Developments
Product developments in the North America EMS market are heavily focused on enhancing accuracy, reliability, and ease of use. Innovations include advanced spectroscopic analyzers, miniaturized sensors for portable applications, and integrated platforms that combine hardware with sophisticated software for real-time data analysis and predictive maintenance. Companies are also emphasizing modular designs for greater flexibility and reduced installation costs. The trend towards IoT integration enables remote monitoring and data access, improving operational efficiency and compliance management. These advancements are critical for meeting increasingly stringent environmental regulations and addressing the growing demand for actionable emissions data across diverse industrial sectors.
Key Drivers of North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Growth
Several key factors are driving the growth of the North America Emission Monitoring Systems market. Stringent environmental regulations enacted by governmental bodies like the EPA are paramount, compelling industries to invest in compliant monitoring technologies. Growing environmental awareness and public concern over air quality are also significant drivers, encouraging proactive emission management. Technological advancements, particularly in sensor technology, data analytics, and IoT integration, are enabling more accurate, efficient, and cost-effective EMS solutions. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility initiatives and the push for sustainability are encouraging companies to adopt advanced monitoring systems to reduce their environmental footprint. The increasing focus on fossil fuel dependency reduction and the rise of renewable energy sources, while seemingly counterintuitive, still require robust monitoring of residual emissions and associated infrastructure.
Challenges in the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Market
Despite the positive growth trajectory, the North America Emission Monitoring Systems market faces several challenges. High initial investment costs for advanced EMS can be a barrier for some small and medium-sized enterprises. The complexity of evolving regulatory landscapes requires constant adaptation and investment in updated technologies. Data management and cybersecurity concerns associated with real-time, interconnected systems are also critical considerations for end-users. Furthermore, a shortage of skilled personnel for installation, calibration, and maintenance of sophisticated EMS can hinder widespread adoption. Interoperability issues between different vendor systems and legacy equipment can also present integration challenges. Finally, economic uncertainties and fluctuating industrial output can impact capital expenditure decisions for emissions monitoring equipment.
Emerging Opportunities in North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market
Significant opportunities exist within the North America Emission Monitoring Systems market. The expansion of emission monitoring requirements to new industrial sectors, such as agriculture and waste management, presents substantial growth potential. The increasing adoption of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence for predictive emission control and process optimization offers significant value-added services. The development of low-cost, high-accuracy portable emission monitoring devices for field applications is another key opportunity. Furthermore, the growing focus on carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies will necessitate sophisticated monitoring of CO2 emissions. Strategic partnerships and collaborations between EMS providers and technology companies are also crucial for developing integrated and comprehensive solutions. The digitalization of industrial processes across North America will further drive the need for connected and intelligent EMS.
Leading Players in the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Sector
- ABB Ltd
- AMETEK Inc
- Emerson Electric Co
- GE Vernova (General Electric Company)
- Siemens AG
- Horiba Ltd
- Rockwell Automation Inc
- Sick AG
- Teledyne Monitor Labs Inc (Teledyne Technologies Inc)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
- Fuji Electric Co Ltd
- Durag Group
- Intertek Group PLC
- MKS Instruments Inc
- Gasmet Technologies oy (Nederman Group)
Key Milestones in North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Industry
- August 2024: ABB acquired the Fodisch Group, enhancing its Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) offerings and technological edge in measurement and analysis solutions for the energy and industrial sectors.
- July 2024: SICK AG led a consortium in the DIVMALDA initiative, focusing on the automated and verified real-time measurement of ship emissions, aiming to establish a trustworthy foundation for digital emission data collection and verification.
Strategic Outlook for North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Market
The strategic outlook for the North America Emission Monitoring Systems market remains highly positive, driven by sustained regulatory pressure and an increasing emphasis on environmental stewardship. Key growth accelerators include the ongoing digital transformation of industries, which demands integrated and intelligent monitoring solutions. Strategic opportunities lie in expanding service offerings, particularly in data analytics and predictive maintenance, to create recurring revenue streams. Companies that focus on developing highly accurate, cost-effective, and user-friendly EMS solutions tailored to specific industry needs are well-positioned for success. Furthermore, strategic alliances and partnerships will be crucial for expanding market reach and offering comprehensive solutions that address the evolving demands of environmental compliance and sustainability. The market will continue to witness innovation in sensor technology and data integration, further solidifying the importance of EMS in industrial operations across North America.
North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Segmentation
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1. Component
- 1.1. Hardware
- 1.2. Software
- 1.3. Services
-
2. End-user Industry
- 2.1. Oil and Gas
- 2.2. Metals and Mining
- 2.3. Pharmaceutical
- 2.4. Power Generation
- 2.5. Chemicals
- 2.6. Pulp & Paper
- 2.7. Cement
- 2.8. Other End-users
North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico

North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 9.04% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Stringent Legal and Environmental Regulations; Increasing Health and Safety Issues
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Stringent Legal and Environmental Regulations; Increasing Health and Safety Issues
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Power Generation to Witness Major Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component
- 5.1.1. Hardware
- 5.1.2. Software
- 5.1.3. Services
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 5.2.1. Oil and Gas
- 5.2.2. Metals and Mining
- 5.2.3. Pharmaceutical
- 5.2.4. Power Generation
- 5.2.5. Chemicals
- 5.2.6. Pulp & Paper
- 5.2.7. Cement
- 5.2.8. Other End-users
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Component
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 ABB Ltd
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 AMETEK Inc
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Emerson Electric Co
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 GE Vernova (General Electric Company)
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Siemens AG
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 Horiba Ltd
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Rockwell Automation Inc
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 Sick AG
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 Teledyne Monitor Labs Inc (Teledyne Technologies Inc )
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 Fuji Electric Co Ltd
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 Durag Group
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 Intertek Group PLC
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 MKS Instruments Inc
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 Gasmet Technologies oy (Nederman Group)*List Not Exhaustive 7 2 List of Vendors7 3 Vendor Positioning Analysi
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 ABB Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Component 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Component 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Component 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume Billion Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: United States North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: United States North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Canada North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Canada North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Mexico North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Mexico North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market Volume (Billion) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 9.04%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market?
Key companies in the market include ABB Ltd, AMETEK Inc, Emerson Electric Co, GE Vernova (General Electric Company), Siemens AG, Horiba Ltd, Rockwell Automation Inc, Sick AG, Teledyne Monitor Labs Inc (Teledyne Technologies Inc ), Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Fuji Electric Co Ltd, Durag Group, Intertek Group PLC, MKS Instruments Inc, Gasmet Technologies oy (Nederman Group)*List Not Exhaustive 7 2 List of Vendors7 3 Vendor Positioning Analysi.
3. What are the main segments of the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market?
The market segments include Component, End-user Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 1.45 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Stringent Legal and Environmental Regulations; Increasing Health and Safety Issues.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Power Generation to Witness Major Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Stringent Legal and Environmental Regulations; Increasing Health and Safety Issues.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2024: ABB has inked a deal to acquire the Fodisch Group, known for its advanced measurement and analysis solutions designed for the energy and industrial sectors. This move bolsters ABB's Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) offerings and amplifies its edge in technology and innovation. With this acquisition, ABB is set to expand its portfolio, addressing even its clientele's most stringent measurement challenges.July 2024: Digitization and Verification of Marine Live Emission Data (DIVMALDA) is the title of a groundbreaking research and development initiative spearheaded by a consortium led by SICK AG. In collaboration with its partners, SICK AG has unveiled a pioneering project focused on the automated and verified real-time measurement of ship emissions. The consortium's unified objective is to craft a solution that facilitates the real-time digital collection and official verification of ship emissions data. This innovation promises to establish the data as a trustworthy foundation for various processes, including reporting, monitoring, and emissions trading.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in Billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the North America Emission Monitoring Systems Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
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Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence