Key Insights
The European Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the expansion of e-commerce, the increasing demand for faster delivery options, and the growth of B2C shipments. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4.00% indicates a consistently expanding market size, projected to reach a substantial value within the forecast period (2025-2033). Key growth drivers include the rising adoption of online shopping across various sectors, including e-commerce, healthcare, and financial services, fueling demand for efficient and reliable delivery solutions. Furthermore, advancements in logistics technology, such as improved tracking systems and optimized delivery routes, contribute to market expansion. While the market faces certain restraints, such as fluctuating fuel prices and potential labor shortages, the overall growth trajectory remains positive. Market segmentation reveals strong performance across various shipment types (express and non-express), delivery models (B2B, B2C, C2C), and modes of transport (air, road). The dominance of specific countries within Europe, like Germany, France, the UK, and Italy, reflects high consumer spending and established logistics networks. Significant players such as DHL, FedEx, UPS, and Post NL are competing intensely, driving innovation and improving service offerings to cater to evolving consumer demands.
The market's geographical spread across numerous European countries presents both opportunities and challenges. While established markets like Germany and the UK continue to drive significant volume, growth potential lies in expanding into less-developed CEP markets within the region. Competition is fierce among both established international players and regional carriers, leading to price wars in some segments but also driving improvements in service quality and efficiency. Future growth will hinge on adapting to emerging technologies (e.g., autonomous delivery vehicles, drone delivery), successfully managing regulatory hurdles, and effectively addressing sustainability concerns within the industry, such as carbon emissions reduction from transportation. This includes a focus on optimizing delivery routes, using eco-friendly vehicles and packaging, and exploring sustainable practices across the supply chain. The ability to provide reliable, fast and cost-effective solutions will be paramount for success in the increasingly competitive European CEP market.
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Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the European Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders. From market dynamics and concentration to leading players and future growth opportunities, this report covers all crucial aspects, leveraging data from 2019-2024 (historical period) and projecting trends to 2033 (forecast period), with 2025 as the base and estimated year. Expect detailed segment breakdowns by destination (domestic, international), speed of delivery (express, non-express), business model (B2B, B2C, C2C), shipment weight (light, medium, heavy), mode of transport (air, road, others), and end-user industry (e-commerce, BFSI, healthcare, manufacturing, primary industry, wholesale & retail trade, others). Geographic coverage includes Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and Rest of Europe. The report includes an analysis of key players such as Post NL, Otto GmbH & Co KG, UPS, Sterne Group, DHL Group, Poste Italiane, GEODIS, FedEx, International Distributions Services (including GLS), La Poste Group, and Logista. Discover actionable insights and strategic recommendations to navigate this dynamic market.
Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Market Dynamics & Concentration
The European CEP market is characterized by a high degree of concentration, with a few major players dominating the landscape. Market share dynamics are significantly influenced by mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, technological advancements, and evolving regulatory frameworks. The market’s growth is fueled by the expansion of e-commerce, increasing cross-border trade, and the rising demand for faster and more reliable delivery services. However, factors such as fluctuating fuel prices, labor shortages, and stringent environmental regulations pose significant challenges.
- Market Concentration: The top 5 players command approximately xx% of the market share in 2025, indicating a relatively consolidated market structure.
- Innovation Drivers: Automation, data analytics, and sustainable logistics solutions are key innovation drivers pushing market growth.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Varying regulations across European countries create complexity and impact operational efficiency.
- Product Substitutes: The emergence of alternative delivery models, such as crowd-sourced delivery, presents a degree of competitive pressure.
- End-User Trends: The shift toward omnichannel retail and increasing consumer expectations for fast and transparent delivery are transforming the market.
- M&A Activities: The number of M&A deals in the European CEP market averaged xx per year during the 2019-2024 period, signifying consolidation efforts.
Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Industry Trends & Analysis
The European CEP market experienced a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during 2019-2024. This robust growth is primarily driven by the booming e-commerce sector, the expansion of B2C deliveries, and the increasing adoption of express delivery services. Technological disruptions, such as the implementation of automated sorting systems and the use of advanced tracking technologies, have significantly improved efficiency and customer experience. However, the market faces challenges such as rising fuel costs, increased competition, and the need to adapt to evolving consumer preferences for sustainable delivery options. Market penetration of express delivery services increased by approximately xx percentage points during the historical period.
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Leading Markets & Segments in Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market
The German and UK markets are currently the largest within the European CEP sector, accounting for a combined xx% of the total market value in 2025. Significant growth is also anticipated from the Eastern European countries. Within the segments, B2C e-commerce shipments and express delivery services are the fastest growing areas.
Key Drivers in Leading Markets:
- Germany: Robust e-commerce sector, well-developed infrastructure.
- United Kingdom: Large consumer base, high demand for express deliveries.
- Eastern Europe: Rapid e-commerce growth, increasing disposable incomes.
Dominant Segments:
- Destination: International shipments are experiencing faster growth than domestic shipments.
- Speed of Delivery: Express delivery continues to dominate, driven by consumer demand for speed and reliability.
- Business Model: B2C shipments represent the largest segment, fueled by e-commerce growth.
- Shipment Weight: Medium weight shipments constitute the largest portion of total volume.
- Mode of Transport: Road transport remains the primary mode, although air freight is increasing for express services.
- End-User Industry: E-commerce accounts for the highest percentage of shipments, followed by wholesale and retail trade.
Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Product Developments
Recent product innovations focus on enhancing efficiency, improving tracking capabilities, and promoting sustainable practices. Companies are investing in technologies like AI-powered route optimization, autonomous vehicles, and eco-friendly delivery options to gain a competitive edge. These developments are tailored to meet the evolving needs of both businesses and consumers in a rapidly growing and demanding market.
Key Drivers of Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Growth
The European CEP market’s growth is fueled by several key factors: the exponential rise of e-commerce, the increasing adoption of technology-driven solutions such as automated sorting and delivery optimization software, and government initiatives promoting efficient logistics networks and cross-border trade. Furthermore, the growing demand for faster and more reliable delivery services, particularly within the express segment, continues to drive expansion.
Challenges in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Market
The market faces challenges such as increased competition, escalating fuel costs leading to approximately xx Million increase in operational expenses in 2025, and labor shortages impacting the industry’s ability to meet growing demand. Furthermore, navigating varying regulatory environments across different European countries adds complexity.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market
Significant growth potential lies in leveraging advanced technologies such as drone delivery, autonomous vehicles, and AI-powered logistics optimization. Strategic partnerships with technology providers and expansion into underserved markets within Europe offer substantial growth opportunities. The increasing focus on sustainable practices presents a crucial area for market differentiation and growth.
Leading Players in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Sector
- Post NL
- Otto GmbH & Co KG
- United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS)
- Sterne Group
- DHL Group
- Poste Italiane
- GEODIS
- FedEx
- International Distributions Services (including GLS)
- La Poste Group
- Logista
Key Milestones in Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Industry
- September 2023: The Otto Group announced plans to deploy Covariant robots to enhance fulfillment center efficiency.
- September 2023: Logista Libros opened a new e-commerce facility in Spain, boosting capacity and productivity.
- July 2023: Logista acquired Gramma Farmaceutici, strengthening its position in Italian pharmaceutical logistics.
Strategic Outlook for Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Market
The European CEP market is poised for continued expansion, driven by technological advancements, increasing e-commerce adoption, and the growing demand for efficient and sustainable delivery solutions. Strategic partnerships, investment in automation, and a focus on sustainable practices will be crucial for success in this dynamic and competitive market. The market is expected to reach xx Million by 2033.
Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation
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1. Destination
- 1.1. Domestic
- 1.2. International
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2. Speed Of Delivery
- 2.1. Express
- 2.2. Non-Express
-
3. Model
- 3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
-
4. Shipment Weight
- 4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
-
5. Mode Of Transport
- 5.1. Air
- 5.2. Road
- 5.3. Others
-
6. End User Industry
- 6.1. E-Commerce
- 6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 6.3. Healthcare
- 6.4. Manufacturing
- 6.5. Primary Industry
- 6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 6.7. Others
Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Segmentation By Geography
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1. Europe
- 1.1. United Kingdom
- 1.2. Germany
- 1.3. France
- 1.4. Italy
- 1.5. Spain
- 1.6. Netherlands
- 1.7. Belgium
- 1.8. Sweden
- 1.9. Norway
- 1.10. Poland
- 1.11. Denmark
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Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 4.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing consumption of canned and frozen food; Growth urbanization and increased adoption of healthy lifestyle
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Limited self-life of frozen food; Growing awareness regarding the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 5.1.1. Domestic
- 5.1.2. International
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Speed Of Delivery
- 5.2.1. Express
- 5.2.2. Non-Express
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Model
- 5.3.1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
- 5.3.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- 5.3.3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Shipment Weight
- 5.4.1. Heavy Weight Shipments
- 5.4.2. Light Weight Shipments
- 5.4.3. Medium Weight Shipments
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Mode Of Transport
- 5.5.1. Air
- 5.5.2. Road
- 5.5.3. Others
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.6.1. E-Commerce
- 5.6.2. Financial Services (BFSI)
- 5.6.3. Healthcare
- 5.6.4. Manufacturing
- 5.6.5. Primary Industry
- 5.6.6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Offline)
- 5.6.7. Others
- 5.7. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.7.1. Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Destination
- 6. Germany Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. France Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Italy Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. United Kingdom Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Netherlands Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Sweden Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Europe Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Post NL
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Otto GmbH & Co KG
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Sterne Group
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 DHL Group
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Poste Italiane
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 GEODIS
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 FedEx
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 International Distributions Services (including GLS)
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 La Poste Group
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Logista
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Post NL
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Destination 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Model 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Germany Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: France Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Italy Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: United Kingdom Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Netherlands Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Sweden Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Rest of Europe Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Destination 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Speed Of Delivery 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Model 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Shipment Weight 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Mode Of Transport 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: United Kingdom Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Germany Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: France Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Italy Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Spain Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Netherlands Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Belgium Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Sweden Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Norway Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Poland Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Denmark Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 4.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
Key companies in the market include Post NL, Otto GmbH & Co KG, United Parcel Service of America Inc (UPS, Sterne Group, DHL Group, Poste Italiane, GEODIS, FedEx, International Distributions Services (including GLS), La Poste Group, Logista.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
The market segments include Destination, Speed Of Delivery, Model, Shipment Weight, Mode Of Transport, End User Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing consumption of canned and frozen food; Growth urbanization and increased adoption of healthy lifestyle.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Limited self-life of frozen food; Growing awareness regarding the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
September 2023: The Otto Group plans to deploy Covariant robots to increase operational efficiency, build resilience against labor market challenges, and improve the overall quality of work within their fulfillment centers.September 2023: Logista Libros, a part of the Logista Group, announced that it had opened a new facility specifically for e-commerce in Spain to increase storage capacity and productivity in the preparation of e-commerce orders. This new facility is an extension of the company’s distribution center in Cabanillas del Campo.July 2023: Logista completed the acquisition of Gramma Farmaceutici, a company specializing in logistics services for the Italian pharmaceutical industry. This strategic acquisition was a part of Logista's expansion plan in Italy to further strengthen its position in pharmaceutical distribution.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence