Key Insights
The off-road vehicle (ORV) market, valued at $16.72 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing demand for recreational activities and the expanding popularity of adventure tourism. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.12% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a substantial market expansion over the forecast period. Key drivers include rising disposable incomes in emerging economies fueling demand for leisure vehicles, technological advancements leading to improved performance and safety features in ATVs and UTVs, and the growing popularity of organized off-road events and competitions. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunities across various applications, with the sports and agricultural sectors representing substantial revenue streams. The All-terrain Vehicle (ATV) segment is expected to maintain its dominant position due to its versatility and affordability, while the Utility Task Vehicle (UTV) segment is projected to see strong growth, driven by its enhanced functionality for work and recreational use. Competition is fierce among major players like Polaris Inc., Yamaha Motor Corporation, and Arctic Cat Inc., necessitating continuous innovation in design, technology, and marketing strategies.
Geographic factors also play a crucial role. North America currently holds a significant market share, owing to a strong established base of ORV enthusiasts and well-developed infrastructure for off-road activities. However, the Asia-Pacific region is poised for considerable growth driven by increasing urbanization and rising disposable income, providing lucrative expansion opportunities for manufacturers. The European market, though smaller compared to North America, shows steady growth due to rising demand for eco-friendly and technologically advanced ORVs. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on sustainability initiatives and exploring alternative fuel technologies to meet evolving environmental regulations and consumer preferences. This focus on sustainability alongside technological advancements in engine performance, safety features, and connectivity will continue to shape the future of the off-road vehicle market.

Off-Road Vehicle Market: 2019-2033 Comprehensive Report
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) market from 2019 to 2033, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and strategic decision-makers. The study covers market dynamics, leading players, technological advancements, and future growth opportunities, incorporating data and forecasts to paint a complete picture of this dynamic sector. The report utilizes a robust methodology, incorporating both historical data (2019-2024) and future projections (2025-2033) with a base year of 2025 and an estimated year of 2025. This in-depth analysis is essential for navigating the complexities of the ORV market and capitalizing on emerging trends. Expect detailed breakdowns by application (sports, agricultural, other) and vehicle type (ATV, UTV), coupled with financial projections in Millions.
Off-Road Vehicle Market Market Dynamics & Concentration
The Off-Road Vehicle market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players holding significant market share. Market concentration is influenced by factors such as brand recognition, technological capabilities, and distribution networks. The market share of the top five players is estimated to be around xx% in 2025. Innovation is a key driver, with continuous advancements in engine technology, safety features, and connectivity impacting market growth. Stringent regulatory frameworks concerning emissions and safety standards are shaping product development and influencing market dynamics. The availability of alternative recreational activities serves as a substitute, while rising consumer preference for environmentally friendly vehicles is driving demand for electric models. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been moderate in recent years, with xx M&A deals recorded between 2019 and 2024.
- Market Concentration: Top 5 players hold approximately xx% market share (2025).
- Innovation Drivers: Electric powertrains, advanced safety systems, connected features.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Emissions standards, safety regulations impacting design and production.
- Product Substitutes: Other recreational activities, alternative modes of transportation.
- End-User Trends: Growing demand for electric and eco-friendly ORVs.
- M&A Activity: xx M&A deals between 2019 and 2024.
Off-Road Vehicle Market Industry Trends & Analysis
The Off-Road Vehicle market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as increasing disposable incomes, rising popularity of outdoor recreational activities, and technological advancements. The market is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Technological disruptions, particularly the rise of electric and hybrid powertrains, are reshaping the competitive landscape. Consumer preferences are shifting towards more fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly, and technologically advanced vehicles. Intense competition among established players and new entrants is driving innovation and price reductions. Market penetration of electric UTVs is expected to reach xx% by 2033, indicating significant growth potential in this segment.

Leading Markets & Segments in Off-Road Vehicle Market
The North American region currently dominates the Off-Road Vehicle market, driven by strong consumer demand, well-established distribution channels, and favorable economic conditions. Within the application segments, sports activities represent the largest market share, followed by agricultural and other applications. The UTV segment commands a significant share of the overall market, outperforming ATVs due to its versatility and increased functionality.
- Dominant Region: North America
- Key Drivers (North America): High disposable incomes, strong consumer demand for outdoor recreation, established dealer networks.
- Dominant Segment (Application): Sports
- Key Drivers (Sports Segment): Growing participation in off-road sports, rising popularity of adventure tourism.
- Dominant Segment (Vehicle Type): Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- Key Drivers (UTV Segment): Versatility, increased functionality, suitability for various applications.
Off-Road Vehicle Market Product Developments
Recent product innovations focus on enhanced performance, improved safety features, and the integration of advanced technologies. Electric UTVs are gaining significant traction, driven by environmental concerns and technological advancements. Manufacturers are emphasizing lightweight designs, improved suspension systems, and sophisticated powertrain technologies to meet evolving consumer demands. The competitive advantage lies in offering a combination of performance, safety, technological sophistication, and affordability.
Key Drivers of Off-Road Vehicle Market Growth
Several factors contribute to the growth of the Off-Road Vehicle market. Technological advancements like electric powertrains, improved safety features, and enhanced connectivity are key drivers. Favorable economic conditions in key markets, particularly in developed countries, boost consumer spending on recreational vehicles. Government policies promoting outdoor recreation and tourism further support market growth.
Challenges in the Off-Road Vehicle Market Market
The Off-Road Vehicle market faces several challenges. Stringent environmental regulations related to emissions and noise pollution impose constraints on manufacturers. Supply chain disruptions and rising raw material costs impact production and profitability. Intense competition among established and new players leads to price pressures and reduced margins. These factors collectively influence market growth and profitability.
Emerging Opportunities in Off-Road Vehicle Market
The long-term growth of the Off-Road Vehicle market is driven by several emerging opportunities. Technological breakthroughs, such as advancements in battery technology for electric vehicles, offer potential for increased range and performance. Strategic partnerships and collaborations among manufacturers and technology providers lead to innovation and market expansion. Growth in emerging markets and developing countries presents significant market expansion potential.
Leading Players in the Off-Road Vehicle Market Sector
- Arctic Cat Inc
- American LandMaster
- Bombardier Recreational Products Inc
- Yamaha Motor Corporation
- Kwang Yang Motor Co Ltd
- 1 Honda Company Motor Lt
- Polaris Inc
- Suzuki Motor Corporation
- Kawasaki Motors Corp
Key Milestones in Off-Road Vehicle Market Industry
- July 2022: American Landmaster launched an electric UTV in the United States, featuring a lithium-ion battery with options offering up to 45 miles of range on a full charge. This launch signals a growing trend toward electric powertrains in the ORV market.
- July 2022: Volcon launched an electric UTV in Texas, boasting a peak power of 107 kW (143 hp), 265 lb-ft (360 Nm) of torque, a top speed of 130 kmph, and a range exceeding 160 km on a single charge. This signifies a significant leap in performance capabilities for electric UTVs.
Strategic Outlook for Off-Road Vehicle Market Market
The Off-Road Vehicle market holds significant future potential. Continued technological advancements, especially in electric powertrains and autonomous driving systems, will drive growth. Strategic partnerships and collaborations will facilitate innovation and market expansion into new regions. The market's long-term success will depend on the ability of manufacturers to adapt to evolving consumer preferences and environmental regulations.
Off-Road Vehicle Market Segmentation
-
1. Vehicle Type
- 1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Sports
- 2.2. Agricultural
- 2.3. Other Applications
Off-Road Vehicle Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Rest of the World

Off-Road Vehicle Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.12% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growth in Electric Passenger and Commerical Vehicle Sales
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Integration of Vinyl Flooring Deters the Growth of the Market
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. The All-Terrain Vehicle Segment is Likely to Witness Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 5.1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 5.1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Sports
- 5.2.2. Agricultural
- 5.2.3. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. Europe
- 5.3.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.4. Rest of the World
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6. North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6.1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 6.1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Sports
- 6.2.2. Agricultural
- 6.2.3. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7. Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7.1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 7.1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Sports
- 7.2.2. Agricultural
- 7.2.3. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8. Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8.1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 8.1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Sports
- 8.2.2. Agricultural
- 8.2.3. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9. Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9.1.1. All-terrain Vehicle (ATV)
- 9.1.2. Utility Task Vehicle (UTV)
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Sports
- 9.2.2. Agricultural
- 9.2.3. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 10. North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1.
- 11. Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Competitive Analysis
- 14.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 14.2. Company Profiles
- 14.2.1 Arctic Cat Inc
- 14.2.1.1. Overview
- 14.2.1.2. Products
- 14.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.2 American LandMaster
- 14.2.2.1. Overview
- 14.2.2.2. Products
- 14.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.3 Bombardier Recreational Products Inc
- 14.2.3.1. Overview
- 14.2.3.2. Products
- 14.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.4 Yamaha Motor Corporation
- 14.2.4.1. Overview
- 14.2.4.2. Products
- 14.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.5 Kwang Yang Motor Co Ltd
- 14.2.5.1. Overview
- 14.2.5.2. Products
- 14.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.6 1 Honda Company Motor Lt
- 14.2.6.1. Overview
- 14.2.6.2. Products
- 14.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.7 Polaris Inc
- 14.2.7.1. Overview
- 14.2.7.2. Products
- 14.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.8 Suzuki Motor Corporation
- 14.2.8.1. Overview
- 14.2.8.2. Products
- 14.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.9 Kawasaki Motors Corp
- 14.2.9.1. Overview
- 14.2.9.2. Products
- 14.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 14.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 14.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 14.2.1 Arctic Cat Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Europe Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 32: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 33: Rest of the World Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Global Off-Road Vehicle Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Off-Road Vehicle Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.12%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Off-Road Vehicle Market?
Key companies in the market include Arctic Cat Inc, American LandMaster, Bombardier Recreational Products Inc, Yamaha Motor Corporation, Kwang Yang Motor Co Ltd, 1 Honda Company Motor Lt, Polaris Inc, Suzuki Motor Corporation, Kawasaki Motors Corp.
3. What are the main segments of the Off-Road Vehicle Market?
The market segments include Vehicle Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 16.72 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growth in Electric Passenger and Commerical Vehicle Sales.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
The All-Terrain Vehicle Segment is Likely to Witness Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Integration of Vinyl Flooring Deters the Growth of the Market.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
July 2022: American Landmaster launched the electric UTV in the United States. The electric UTV consists of a lithium-ion battery and has different battery options, the entry-level of which is good for 45 miles on a full charge.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Off-Road Vehicle Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Off-Road Vehicle Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Off-Road Vehicle Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Off-Road Vehicle Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence