Key Insights
The Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices market, valued at $292.72 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by increasing prevalence of chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments necessitating advanced diagnostic tools. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.60% from 2025-2033 reflects a gradual but consistent expansion. Growth is fueled by rising healthcare expenditure in several key African nations, improved healthcare infrastructure in select regions, and increasing government initiatives to enhance diagnostic capabilities. The segment dominated by Equipment (e.g., SPECT and PET scanners) holds a significant market share, reflecting the importance of sophisticated imaging technology in modern healthcare. While the adoption of radioisotopes is essential, the Equipment segment's larger share highlights the demand for advanced and comprehensive diagnostic systems. Specific applications such as SPECT and PET scans for oncology and cardiology are key drivers, while other applications contribute to overall market growth. Challenges include uneven distribution of resources across the region, limited healthcare access in certain areas, and the high cost of advanced imaging equipment, potentially hindering widespread adoption in less developed regions. However, strategic partnerships between international manufacturers and local healthcare providers, coupled with government investment, are expected to mitigate these restraints partially.
Growth in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market is expected to be regionally diverse, with countries experiencing rapid economic development and investment in healthcare infrastructure showing greater market expansion than others. South Africa, due to its relatively advanced healthcare system, is expected to lead the market in Africa. The market will likely see increased competition among established players like GE Healthcare, Siemens AG, and Philips, alongside rising participation from regional distributors. Technological advancements in areas such as improved image resolution, faster scan times, and reduced radiation exposure will also continue to shape market dynamics. The focus will likely shift towards more accessible and cost-effective imaging solutions tailored to meet the diverse needs of the region's varied healthcare landscape.

Middle East & Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Report: 2019-2033
Unlocking Growth Potential in a Dynamic Healthcare Landscape
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and strategic decision-makers. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033 (Study Period), with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report meticulously examines market dynamics, leading players, technological advancements, and emerging opportunities. The market is segmented by product (Equipment, Radioisotope) and application (SPECT Applications, Other SPECT Applications, PET Applications). The total market value is predicted to reach xx Million by 2033, representing a significant growth opportunity.
Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Market Dynamics & Concentration
The Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices market is characterized by a moderate level of concentration, with a handful of multinational corporations holding significant market share. Market share is estimated at xx% for the top 5 players in 2025. However, the market is witnessing increased competition from regional players and smaller specialized companies. Innovation is a key driver, fueled by advancements in imaging technology, improved radioisotopes, and the growing demand for sophisticated diagnostic solutions. Regulatory frameworks vary across the region, impacting market access and adoption rates. While some countries have established robust regulatory systems, others are still developing their frameworks. The market faces competition from alternative diagnostic techniques, but the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the rising need for early and accurate diagnoses are bolstering the demand for nuclear imaging. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity is relatively moderate, with an estimated xx M&A deals recorded between 2019 and 2024, indicating strategic consolidation within the sector. This is likely to increase as larger companies seek to expand their market share and product portfolios. End-user trends are driven by factors such as increasing healthcare expenditure, growing awareness of the benefits of early disease detection, and technological advancements that enhance diagnostic accuracy.
- Market Concentration: Moderate, with top 5 players holding xx% market share (2025).
- Innovation Drivers: Advancements in imaging technology, radioisotopes, and software.
- Regulatory Landscape: Varies across the region, impacting market access.
- Product Substitutes: Alternative diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., MRI, CT).
- M&A Activity: Estimated xx deals between 2019-2024.
- End-User Trends: Increasing healthcare expenditure, rising prevalence of chronic diseases.
Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Industry Trends & Analysis
The Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular conditions is a primary driver, necessitating advanced diagnostic tools like nuclear imaging devices. Rising healthcare expenditure across the region, coupled with government initiatives to improve healthcare infrastructure, is also fueling market expansion. Technological advancements, such as the development of more sensitive and specific imaging agents and improved image reconstruction techniques, are enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. This translates into a higher demand for sophisticated equipment and radioisotopes. The market exhibits a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Market penetration is highest in developed nations within the region, but significant growth potential exists in developing economies. Competitive dynamics are characterized by both collaboration and competition, as companies strive to expand their product offerings, invest in R&D, and enhance their distribution networks. Consumer preferences are shifting towards higher-resolution imaging, faster scan times, and less invasive procedures.

Leading Markets & Segments in Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market
The market is dominated by [Name of dominant country/region], driven by factors such as advanced healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and a substantial prevalence of target diseases. Other key markets include [List other significant countries/regions]. Within product segments, the Equipment segment holds the largest market share, followed by Radioisotopes. The PET Applications segment is expected to experience the fastest growth due to its ability to offer high-resolution images, crucial in cancer diagnostics.
- Key Drivers for [Dominant Country/Region]:
- Advanced healthcare infrastructure.
- High healthcare expenditure per capita.
- Higher prevalence of chronic diseases.
- Supportive government policies.
- Key Drivers for [Other Significant Countries/Regions]:
- [List relevant drivers specific to each country]
- Dominance Analysis: [Detailed paragraphs analyzing the dominance of the leading market and segments, explaining reasons for the leadership].
Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Product Developments
Recent product developments focus on improved image resolution, reduced radiation exposure, and enhanced ease of use. This includes the introduction of advanced SPECT and PET scanners with superior imaging capabilities and the development of new radioisotopes with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Manufacturers are also focusing on integrating advanced software solutions for image analysis and diagnostic support, further enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of nuclear imaging procedures. These technological advancements are improving patient care and driving market growth.
Key Drivers of Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Growth
The market's growth is propelled by several key drivers: the rising incidence of chronic diseases, the increasing adoption of advanced imaging technologies, government initiatives to improve healthcare infrastructure, and rising healthcare expenditure across the region. Technological advancements in both equipment and radioisotopes also play a significant role, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.
Challenges in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Market
The market faces challenges such as high equipment costs, limited access to skilled professionals, and regulatory hurdles. Supply chain disruptions and competition from alternative diagnostic methods also pose challenges. These factors can impact market penetration and adoption rates. The cost of radioisotopes and their limited availability in certain regions also restrain growth.
Emerging Opportunities in Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market
Long-term growth will be fueled by technological breakthroughs in molecular imaging, increased adoption of hybrid imaging systems, expansion into underserved markets, and strategic partnerships between healthcare providers and technology companies. Growing demand for personalized medicine and targeted therapies will also create new opportunities for nuclear imaging devices.
Leading Players in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Sector
- Mediso Ltd
- GE Healthcare
- Bracco Imaging SpA
- Cardinal Health Inc
- Siemens AG
- NTP Radioisotopes SOC Ltd
- Fujifilm Corporation
- Koninklijke Philips NV
- Canon Medical Systems Corporation
- Curium
Key Milestones in Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Industry
- October 2022: Integrated Diagnostics Holdings PLC's Al-Borg Scan received American College of Radiology accreditation for its nuclear medicine and ultrasound units, enhancing the credibility of nuclear medicine services in the region.
- March 2022: Arab States strengthened cooperation in nuclear medicine and science through MoUs, improving access to advanced technologies and expertise.
Strategic Outlook for Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Market
The Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices market holds significant potential for future growth, driven by continued technological advancements, increasing healthcare spending, and a growing need for advanced diagnostic tools. Strategic opportunities exist for companies focusing on innovation, market expansion into underserved regions, and collaborations to enhance access to high-quality nuclear imaging services. The market is poised for sustained expansion, presenting lucrative prospects for investors and market participants.
Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Segmentation
-
1. Product
- 1.1. Equipment
- 1.2. Radioisotope
-
2. Application
-
2.1. SPECT Applications
- 2.1.1. Cardiology
- 2.1.2. Neurology
- 2.1.3. Thyroid
- 2.1.4. Other SPECT Applications
-
2.2. PET Applications
- 2.2.1. Oncology
- 2.2.2. Other PET Applications
-
2.1. SPECT Applications
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. GCC
- 3.2. South Africa
- 3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. GCC
- 2. South Africa
- 3. Rest of Middle East and Africa

Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 2.60% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rise in Prevalence of Cancer and Cardiac Disorders; Growth in Applications of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Stringent RegulatIons; Reimbursement Issues
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Oncology Segment is Expected to Grow at a Higher CAGR During the Forecast Period
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 5.1.1. Equipment
- 5.1.2. Radioisotope
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 5.2.1.1. Cardiology
- 5.2.1.2. Neurology
- 5.2.1.3. Thyroid
- 5.2.1.4. Other SPECT Applications
- 5.2.2. PET Applications
- 5.2.2.1. Oncology
- 5.2.2.2. Other PET Applications
- 5.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. GCC
- 5.3.2. South Africa
- 5.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. GCC
- 5.4.2. South Africa
- 5.4.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 6. GCC Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 6.1.1. Equipment
- 6.1.2. Radioisotope
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 6.2.1.1. Cardiology
- 6.2.1.2. Neurology
- 6.2.1.3. Thyroid
- 6.2.1.4. Other SPECT Applications
- 6.2.2. PET Applications
- 6.2.2.1. Oncology
- 6.2.2.2. Other PET Applications
- 6.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. GCC
- 6.3.2. South Africa
- 6.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 7. South Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 7.1.1. Equipment
- 7.1.2. Radioisotope
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 7.2.1.1. Cardiology
- 7.2.1.2. Neurology
- 7.2.1.3. Thyroid
- 7.2.1.4. Other SPECT Applications
- 7.2.2. PET Applications
- 7.2.2.1. Oncology
- 7.2.2.2. Other PET Applications
- 7.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. GCC
- 7.3.2. South Africa
- 7.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 8. Rest of Middle East and Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 8.1.1. Equipment
- 8.1.2. Radioisotope
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 8.2.1.1. Cardiology
- 8.2.1.2. Neurology
- 8.2.1.3. Thyroid
- 8.2.1.4. Other SPECT Applications
- 8.2.2. PET Applications
- 8.2.2.1. Oncology
- 8.2.2.2. Other PET Applications
- 8.2.1. SPECT Applications
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. GCC
- 8.3.2. South Africa
- 8.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 9. South Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Sudan Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Uganda Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Tanzania Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Kenya Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Rest of Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Competitive Analysis
- 15.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 15.2. Company Profiles
- 15.2.1 Mediso Ltd
- 15.2.1.1. Overview
- 15.2.1.2. Products
- 15.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.2 GE Healthcare
- 15.2.2.1. Overview
- 15.2.2.2. Products
- 15.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.3 Bracco Imaging SpA
- 15.2.3.1. Overview
- 15.2.3.2. Products
- 15.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.4 Cardinal Health Inc
- 15.2.4.1. Overview
- 15.2.4.2. Products
- 15.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.5 Siemens AG
- 15.2.5.1. Overview
- 15.2.5.2. Products
- 15.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.6 NTP Radioisotopes SOC Ltd
- 15.2.6.1. Overview
- 15.2.6.2. Products
- 15.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.7 Fujifilm Corporation
- 15.2.7.1. Overview
- 15.2.7.2. Products
- 15.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.8 Koninklijke Philips NV
- 15.2.8.1. Overview
- 15.2.8.2. Products
- 15.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.9 Canon Medical Systems Corporation*List Not Exhaustive
- 15.2.9.1. Overview
- 15.2.9.2. Products
- 15.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.10 Curium
- 15.2.10.1. Overview
- 15.2.10.2. Products
- 15.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 15.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 15.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 15.2.1 Mediso Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: South Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Sudan Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Uganda Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Tanzania Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Kenya Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Africa Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 2.60%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market?
Key companies in the market include Mediso Ltd, GE Healthcare, Bracco Imaging SpA, Cardinal Health Inc, Siemens AG, NTP Radioisotopes SOC Ltd, Fujifilm Corporation, Koninklijke Philips NV, Canon Medical Systems Corporation*List Not Exhaustive, Curium.
3. What are the main segments of the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market?
The market segments include Product, Application, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 292.72 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rise in Prevalence of Cancer and Cardiac Disorders; Growth in Applications of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Oncology Segment is Expected to Grow at a Higher CAGR During the Forecast Period.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Stringent RegulatIons; Reimbursement Issues.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
October 2022: Integrated Diagnostics Holdings PLC announced that its radiology venture, Al-Borg Scan, received the American College of Radiology accreditation for its nuclear medicine and ultrasound units.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Middle East and Africa Nuclear Imaging Devices Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence